Matt Wette February 2019 With NYACC Version 0.92.0
The acronym FFI stands for “Foreign Function Interface”. It refers
to the Guile facility for binding functions and variables from C source
libraries into Guile programs. This distribution provides utilities
for generating a loadable Guile module from a set of C declarations
and associated libraries. The C declarations can, and conventionally
do, come from naming a set of C include files. The
nominal method for use is to write a ffi-module specification
in a file which includes a define-ffi-module declaration, and
then use the command guild compile-ffi to produce an associated
file of Guile Scheme code.
$ guild compile-ffi ffi/cairo.ffi wrote `ffi/cairo.scm'
The FH does not generate C code. The hooks to access functions in the
Cairo library are provided in 100% Guile Scheme via (system foreign).
The compiler for the FFI Helper (FH) is based on the C parser and utilities
which are included in the NYACC
package. Development for the FH is currently being performed in the
c99dev branch of the associated git repository. Within the
NYACC distribution, the relevant modules can be found under the
directory examples/.
Use of the FFI-helper module depends on the scheme-bytestructure package available from https://github.com/TaylanUB/scheme-bytestructures. Releases are available at https://github.com/TaylanUB/scheme-bytestructures/releases.
At runtime, after the FFI Helper has been used to create Scheme code,
the modules (system ffi-help-rt) and (bytestructures
guile) are required. No other code from the NYACC distribution
is needed. However, note that the process of creating the Scheme
output depends on reading system headers, so the generated code may
well contain operating system and machine dependencies. If you copy
code to a new machine, you should re-run guild compile-ffi.
You are probably hoping to see an example, so let’s try one.
This is a small FH example to illustrate its use. We will start with the Cairo package because that is the first one I started with in developing the FFI Helper. Say you are an avid Guile user and want to be able to use Cairo in Guile. On most systems Cairo comes with the associated pkg-config support files; this demo depends on that support.
Warning: The FFI Helper package is under active development and there is some chance the following example will cease to work in the future.
If you want to follow along and are working in the distribution tree, you should source the file env.sh in the examples directory.
By practice, I like to put all FH generated modules under a directory called ffi/, so we will do that. We start by generating, in the ffi directory, a file named cairo.ffi with the following contents:
(define-ffi-module (ffi cairo)
#:pkg-config "cairo"
#:include '("cairo.h" "cairo-pdf.h" "cairo-svg.h"))
To generate a Guile module you execute guild as follows:
$ guild compile-ffi ffi/cairo.ffi wrote `ffi/cairo.scm'
Though the file cairo/cairo.ffi is only three lines long, the file ffi/cairo.scm will be over five thousand lines long. It looks like the following:
(define-module (ffi cairo)
#:use-module (system ffi-help-rt)
#:use-module ((system foreign) #:prefix ffi:)
#:use-module (bytestructures guile))
(define link-libs
(list (dynamic-link "libcairo")))
;; int cairo_version(void);
(define ~cairo_version
(delay (fh-link-proc ffi:int "cairo_version" (list) link-libs)))
(define (cairo_version)
(let () ((force ~cairo_version))))
(export cairo_version)
…
;; typedef struct _cairo_matrix {
;; double xx;
;; double yx;
;; double xy;
;; double yy;
;; double x0;
;; double y0;
;; } cairo_matrix_t;
(define-public cairo_matrix_t-desc
(bs:struct
(list `(xx ,double) `(yx ,double) `(xy ,double)
`(yy ,double) `(x0 ,double) `(y0 ,double))))
(define-fh-compound-type cairo_matrix_t cairo_matrix_t-desc
cairo_matrix_t? make-cairo_matrix_t)
(export cairo_matrix_t cairo_matrix_t? make-cairo_matrix_t)
… many, many more declarations …
;; access to enum symbols and #define'd constants:
(define ffi-cairo-symbol-val
(let ((sym-tab
'((CAIRO_SVG_VERSION_1_1 . 0)
(CAIRO_SVG_VERSION_1_2 . 1)
(CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_4 . 0)
(CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_5 . 1)
(CAIRO_REGION_OVERLAP_IN . 0)
(CAIRO_REGION_OVERLAP_OUT . 1)
… more constants …
(CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL_ID
.
"application/x-cairo.jbig2-global-id"))))
(lambda (k) (or (assq-ref sym-tab k)))))
(export ffi-cairo-symbol-val)
(export cairo-lookup)
… more …
Note that from the pkg-config spec the FH compiler picks up the
required libraries to bind in. Also, #define based constants,
as well as those defined by enums, are provided in a lookup function
ffi-cairo-symbol-val. So, for example
guile> (use-modules (ffi cairo))
;;; ffi/cairo.scm:6112:11: warning:
possibly unbound variable `cairo_raster_source_acquire_func_t*'
;;; ffi/cairo.scm:6115:11: warning:
possibly unbound variable `cairo_raster_source_release_func_t*'
guile> (ffi-cairo-symbol-val 'CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32))
$1 = 0
We will discuss the warnings later. They are signals that extra code needs to be added to the ffi module. But you see how the constants (but not CPP function macros) can be accessed.
Let’s try something more useful: a real program. Create the following
code in a file, say cairo-demo.scm, then fire up a Guile session
and load the file.
(use-modules (ffi cairo)) (define srf (cairo_image_surface_create 'CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32 200 200)) (define cr (cairo_create srf)) (cairo_move_to cr 10.0 10.0) (cairo_line_to cr 190.0 10.0) (cairo_line_to cr 190.0 190.0) (cairo_line_to cr 10.0 190.0) (cairo_line_to cr 10.0 10.0) (cairo_stroke cr) (cairo_surface_write_to_png srf "cairo-demo.png") (cairo_destroy cr) (cairo_surface_destroy srf)
guile> (load "cairo-demo.scm") … ;;; compiled /.../cairo.scm.go ;;; compiled /.../cairo-demo.scm.go guile>
If we set up everything correctly we should have generared the target
file cairo-demo.png which contains the image of a square. A
few items in the above code are notable. First, the call to
cairo_image_surface_create accepted a symbolic form
'CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32 for the format argument. It would have
also accepted the associated constant 0. In addition,
procedures declared in (ffi cairo) will accept Scheme strings
where the C function wants “pointer to string.”
Now try this in your Guile session:
guile> srf $4 = #<cairo_surface_t* 0x7fda53e01880> guile> cr $5 = #<cairo_t* 0x7fda54828800>
Note that the FH keeps track of the C types you use. This can be useful for debugging (at a potential cost of bloating the namespace). The constants you see are the pointer values. But it goes further. Let’s generate a matrix type:
guile> (define m (make-cairo_matrix_t)) guile> m $6 = #<cairo_matrix_t 0x10cc26c00> guile> (use-modules (system ffh-help-rt)) guile> (pointer-to m) $7 = #<cairo_matrix_t* 0x10cc26c00>
When it comes to C APIs that expect the user to allocate memory for a structure and pass the pointer address to the C function, FH provides a solution:
guile> (cairo_get_matrix cr (pointer-to m)) guile> (fh-object-ref m 'xx) $9 = 1.0
Guile has an API, called the Foreign Function Interface, which allows
one to avoid writing and compiling C wrapper code in order to access C
coded libraries. The API is based on libffi and is covered in
the Guile Reference Manual. We review some important bits here. For
more insight you should read the relevant sections in the Guile
Reference Manual. For more info on libffi internals visit
libffi.
The relevant procedures used by the FH are
dynamic-linklinks libraries into Guile session
dynamic-funcgenerated Scheme-level pointer to a C function
pointer->proceduregeneates a Scheme lambda given C function signature
dynamic-pointerprovides access to global C variables
Several of the above require import of the module (system foreign).
In order to generate a Guile procedure wrapper for a function, say
int foo(char *str), in some foreign library, say
libbar.so, you can use something like the following:
(use-modules (system foreign))
(define foo (pointer->procedure
int
(dynamic-func "foo" (dynamic-link "libbar"))
(list '*)))
The argument int is a variable name for the return type,
the next argument is an expression for the function pointer and the
third argument is an expression for the function argument list.
To execute the function, which expects a C string, you use something like
(define result-code (foo (string->pointer "hello")))
If you want to try a real example, this should work:
guile> (use-modules (system foreign))
guile> (define strlen
(pointer->procedure
int (dynamic-func "strlen" (dynamic-link)) (list '*)))
guile> (strlen (string->pointer "hello, world"))
$1 = 12
It is important to realize that internally Guile takes care of converting Scheme arguments to and from C types. Scheme does not have the same type system as C and the Guile FFI is somewhat forgiving here. When we declare a C function interface with, say, an uint32 argument type, in Scheme you can pass an exact numeric integer. The FH attempts to be even more forgiving, allowing one to pass symbols where C enums (i.e., integers) are expected.
As mentioned, access to libraries not compiled into Guile is
accomplished via dynamic-link. To link the
shared library libfoo.so into Guile one would write something
like the following:
(define foo-lib (dynamic-link "libfoo"))
Note that Guile takes care of dealing with the file extension (e.g., .so). Where Guile looks for libraries is system dependent, but usually it will find shared objects in the following
(assq-ref %guile-build-info 'libdir)
(assq-ref %guile-build-info 'extensiondir)
When used with no argument dynamic-link returns a handle for
objects already linked with Guile. The procedure dynamic-link
returns a library handle for acquiring function and variable handles,
or pointers, for objects (e.g., a pointer for a function) in the
library. Theoretically, once a library has been dynamically linked
into Guile, the expression (dynamic-link) (with no argument)
should suffice to provide a handle to acquire object handles, but I
have found this is not always the case. The FH will try all
library handles defined by a ffi module to acquire object pointers.
In this section we hope to provide some insight into the FH works. The FH specification, via the dot-ffi file, determines the set of declarations which will be included in the target Guile module. If there is no declartion filter, then all the declarations from the specified set of include files are targeted. With the use of a declaration filter, this set can be reduced. By declaration we mean typedefs, aggregate definitions (i.e., structs and unions), function declarations, and external variables.
In the C language typedefs define type aliases, so there is no harm in
expanding typedefs which appear outside the specification. For
example, say the file foo.h includes a declaration for the
typedef foo_t and the file bar.h includes a declaration
for the typedef bar_t. Furthermore, suppose foo_t is a
struct that references bar_t. Then the FH will preserve the
typedef foo_t but expand bar_t. That is, if the
declarations are
typedef int bar_t; /* from bar.h */
typedef struct { bar_t x; double y; } foo_t; /* from foo.h */
then the FH will treat foo_t as if it had been declared as
typedef struct { int x; double y; } foo_t; /* from foo.h */
When it comes to handling C types in Scheme the FH tries to leave base types (i.e., numeric types) alone and uses its own type system, based on Guiles structs and associated vtables, for structs, unions, function types and pointer types. Enum types are handled specially as described below. The FH type system associates with each type a number of procedures. One of these is the printer procedure which provided the association of type with output seen in the demo above.
One of the challenges in automating C-Scheme type conversion is that C
code uses a lot of pointers. So as the FH generates types for
aggregates, it will automatically generate types for associated
pointers. For example, in the case above with foo_t the FH will
generate an aggregate type named foo_t and a pointer type named
foo_t*. In addition the FH generates code to link these two
together so that, given an object f1 of type foo_t, the
expression (pointer-to f1) will generate an object of type
foo_t*. This makes the task of generating an object value in
Scheme, and then passing the pointer to that value as an argument to a
FFI-generated procedure, easy. The inverse operation value-at
is also provided. Note that sometimes the C code needs to work with
pointer pointer types. The FH does not produce double-pointers and in
that case, the user must add code to the FH module defintion to
support the required additional type (e.g., foo_t**).
In addition, the FH type system provide unwrap and wrap procedures
used internal to ffi-generated modules for function calls. These
convert FH types to and from objects of type expected by Guile’s FFI
interface. For example, the unwrap procedure associated with the FH
pointer type foo_t* will convert an foo_t* object to a
Guile pointer. Similarly, on return the wrap procedure are
applied to convert to FH types. When the FH generates a type, for
example foo_t it also generates an exported procedure
make-foo_t that users can use to build an object of that type.
The FH also generates a predicate foo_t? to determine if an
object is of that type. The (system ffi-help-rt) module
provides a procedure fh-object-ref to convert an object of type
foo_t to the underlying bytestructures representation. For
numeric and pointer types, this will generate a number and for
aggregate types, a bytestructure. Additional arguments to
fh-object-ref for aggregates work as with the bytestructures
package and enable selection of components of the aggregate. Note
that the underlying type for a bytestructure pointer is an integer.
Enums are handled specially. In C, enums are represented by integers.
The FH does not generate types for C enums or C enum
typedefs. Instead, the FH defines unwrap and wrap procedures to
convert Scheme values to and from integers, where the Scheme values
can be integers or symbols. For example, if, in C, the enum typedef
baz_t has element OPTION_A with value 1, a procedure
expecting an argument of type baz_t will accept the symbol
'OPTION_A or the integer 1.
Where the FH generates types, the underlying representation is a bytestructure descriptor. That is, the FH types are essentially a layer on top of a bytestructure. The layer provides identification seen at the Guile REPL, unwrap and wrap procedures which are used in function handling (not normally visible to the user) and procedures to convert types to and from pointier-types.
For base types (e.g., int, double) the FH uses the
associated Scheme values or the associated bytestructures values.
(I think this is all bytestructure values now.)
The underlying representation of bytestructure values is bytevectors. See the Guile Reference Manual for more information on this datatype.
The following routines are user-level procedures provided by the
runtime module (system ffi-help-rt):
fh-type?a predicate to indicate whether an object is a FH type
fh-object?a predicate to indicate whether an object is a FH object
fh-object-valthe underlying bytestructure value
fh-object-refa procedure that works like bytestructure-ref on the underlying
object
fh-object-set!a procedure that works like bytestructure-set! on the underlying
object
pointer-toa procedure, given a FH object, or a bytestructure, that returns an associated pointer object (i.e., a pointer type whose object value is the address of the underlying argument); this may be a FH type or a bytestructure
value-ata procedure to dereference an object
fh-casta procedure to cast arguments for varaidic C functions
make-typemake base type, as listed below; also used to make bytestructure
objects for base types (e.g., (make-double) for double)
Supported base types are
| short | unsigned-short | int | unsigned |
| long | unsigned-long | float | double |
| size_t | ssize_t | intptr_t | uintptr_t |
| ptrdiff_t | |||
| int8 | uint8 | int16 | uint16 |
| int32 | uint32 | int64 | uint64 |
These types are useful for cases where the corresponding types are passed by reference as return types. For example
(let ((name (make-char*))) (some_function (pointer-to name)) (display "name: ") (display (char*->string name)) (newline)) (let ((return-val (make-double))) (another_function (pointer-to return-val)) (simple-format #t "val is ~S\n" (fh-object-ref return-val)))
You can pass a bytestructure struct value:
guile> (make-ENTRY `((key 0) (data 0))) #<ENTRY 0x18a10b0>
TODO: should we support (make-ENTRY 0 0) ?
(nyacc lang c99 ffi-help)(define ffi-module module-name ...)
#:pkg-configThis option take a single string argument which provides the name used
for the pkg-config program. Try man pkg-config.
#:includeThis form, with expression argument, indicates the list of include
files to be processed at the top level. Without use of the
#:inc-filter form, only declarations in these files will be
output. To constrain the set of declarations output use the
#:decl-filter form.
#:inc-filterThis form, with predicate procedure argument taking the form
(proc file-spec path-spec), is used to indicate which includes
beyond the top-level should have processed declarations emitted in the
output. The file-spec argument is a string as parsed from
#include statements in the C code, including brackets or double
quotes (e.g., "<stdio.h>", "\"foo.h\""). The
path-spec is the full path to the file.
#:use-ffi-moduleThis form, with literal module-type argument (e.g., (ffi
glib)), indicates dependency on declarations from another processed
ffi module. For example, the ffi-module for (ffi gobject)
includes the form #:use-ffi-module (ffi glib).
#:decl-filterThis form, with a predicate procedure argument, is used to restrict
which declarations should be processed for output. The single
argument is either a string or a pair. The string form is used for
simple identifiers and the pair is used for struct, union and enum
forms from the C code (e.g., (struct . "foo")).
#:libraryThis form, with a list of strings, indicates which (shared object)
libraries need to be loaded. The formmat of each string in the list
should be as provided to the dynamic-link form in Guile.
#:renamertodo
#:cpp-defsThis form, with a list of strings, provides extra C preprodessor
definitions to be used in processing the header files. The defines
take the form "SYM=val".
#:inc-dirstodo
#:inc-helptodo
#:api-codetodo
#:library '("libcairo" "libmisc")
#:inc-dirs '("/opt/local/include/cairo" "/opt/local/include")
#:renamer (string-renamer
(lambda (n)
(if (string=? "cairo" (substring n 0 5)) n
(string-append "cairo-" n))))
#:pkg-config "cairo"
#:include '("cairo.h" "cairo-svg.h")
#:inc-help (cond
((string-contains %host-type "darwin")
'(("__builtin" "__builtin_va_list=void*")
("sys/cdefs.h" "__DARWIN_ALIAS(X)=")))
(else '()))
#:decl-filter (string-member-proc
"cairo_t" "cairo_status_t" "cairo_surface_t"
"cairo_create" "cairo_svg_surface_create"
"cairo_destroy" "cairo_surface_destroy")
#:export (make-cairo-unit-matrix)
Another decl-filter, useful for debugging.
#:decl-filter (lambda (k)
(cond
((member k '(
"cairo_t" "cairo_status_t"
"cairo_glyph_t" "cairo_path_data_t"
)) #t)
((equal? k '(union . "union-_cairo_glyph_t")) #t)
(else #f)))
Since this is not all straightforward you will get errors.
Method
MAX_HEAP_SECTSThe message is
Too many heap sections: Increase MAXHINCR or MAX_HEAP_SECTS
The message comes from the garbage collector. It means you’ve run out of memory. I found that this actually came from a bug in the ff-compiler which generated this code:
(bs:struct
(list ...
`(compose_buffer ,(bs:vector #f unsigned-int))
The original C declaration was
struct _GtkIMContextSimple {
...
guint compose_buffer[7 + 1];
...
};
This bug, failure to evaluate 7+1 to an integer, was fixed.
After using the FFI Helper to provide code for some packages you may
notice that the quantity of code produced is large. For example, to
generate a guile interface for gtk2+, along with glib, gobject, pango
and gdk you will end up with over 100k lines of scm code. This may
seem bulky. Instead it may be preferable to generate a small number
of calls for gtk and work from there. In order to achieve this you
could use the #:api-code or #:decl-filter options.
For example, in the expansion of the GLU/GL FFI module, called
glugl.ffi, I found that a very large number of declarations
starting with PF were being generated. I removed these using
the #:decl-filter option:
(define-ffi-module (ffi glugl)
#:include '("GL/gl.h" "GL/glu.h")
#:library '("libGLU" "libGL")
#:inc-filter (lambda (spec path) (string-contains path "GL/" 0))
#:decl-filter (lambda (n) (not (and (string? n) (string-prefix? "PF" n)))))
Using the option reduced glugl.scm from 59,274 lines down to 15,354 lines.
As another example, if we wanted to just generate code for the gtk hello world demo we could write
(define-ffi-module (hack1)
#:pkg-config "gtk+-2.0"
#:api-code "
#include <gtk2.h>
void gtk_init(int *argc, char ***argv);
void gtk_container_set_border_width(GtkContainer *container,
guint border_width);
void gtk_container_add(GtkContainer *container, GtkWidget *widget);
void gtk_widget_show(GtkWidget *widget);
void gtk_main(void);
")
Since the above example does not ask the FH to pull in typedef’s then the pointer types will be expanded to native. You could invent your own types or echo the typedefs from the package headers
;;; ffi/gtk2+.scm:3564:5: warning:
possibly unbound variable `GtkEnumValue*'
;;; ffi/gtk2+.scm:3581:5: warning:
possibly unbound variable `GtkFlagValue*'
;;; ffi/gtk2+.scm:10717:11: warning:
possibly unbound variable `GtkAllocation*'
;;; ffi/gtk2+.scm:15107:15: warning:
possibly unbound variable `GdkNativeWindow'
;;; ffi/gtk2+.scm:15122:15: warning:
possibly unbound variable `GdkNativeWindow'
;;; ffi/gtk2+.scm:26522:11: warning:
possibly unbound variable `GSignalCMarshaller'
;;; ffi/gtk2+.scm:62440:11: warning:
possibly unbound variable `GdkNativeWindow'
;;; ffi/gtk2+.scm:62453:5: warning:
possibly unbound variable `GdkNativeWindow'
When I see this I check the scm file and see one of many things
(fht-unwrap GtkAllocation*)This usually means that GtkAllocation was somehow defined
but not the pointer type.
User is responsible for calling string->pointer and pointer->string.
By definition: wrap is c->scm; unwrap is scm->c.
define-ffi-module options:
#:decl-filter procproc is a prodicate taking a key of the form "name",
(struct . "name"), (union . "name") or (enum . "name").
#:inc-filter proc#:include exprexpr is string or list or procecure that evaluates to string or list
#:library exprexpr is string or list or procecure that evaluates to string or list
#:pkg-config string#:renamer procprocdure
Here are the type of hacks I need to parse inside /usr/include with NYACC’s C99 parser. There is no such thing as a working C standard.
(define cpp-defs
(cond
((string-contains %host-type "darwin")
'("__GNUC__=6")
(remove (lambda (s)
(string-contains s "_ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION"))
(get-gcc-cpp-defs)))
(else '())))
(define fh-inc-dirs
(append
`(,(assq-ref %guile-build-info 'includedir) "/usr/include")
(get-gcc-inc-dirs)))
(define fh-inc-help
(cond
((string-contains %host-type "darwin")
'(("__builtin"
"__builtin_va_list=void*"
"__attribute__(X)="
"__inline=" "__inline__="
"__asm(X)=" "__asm__(X)="
"__has_include(X)=__has_include__(X)"
"__extension__="
"__signed=signed"
)))
(else
'(("__builtin"
"__builtin_va_list=void*" "__attribute__(X)="
"__inline=" "__inline__="
"__asm(X)=" "__asm__(X)="
"__has_include(X)=__has_include__(X)"
"__extension__="
)))))
(system ffi-help-rt)Here we provide details of the run-time support module.
if need foo_t pointer then I gen wrapper for foo_t* but add foo_t to *wrappers* so if I later run into need for foo_t may be prob
allow user to specify #:renamer (lambda (n) "make_goo" => "make-goo")
Now the hard part if we want to reference other ffi-modules for types or other c-routines. Say ffi-module foo defines foo_t now in ffi-module bar we want to reference, but redefine, foo_t
(define-ffi-module (cairo cairo) ...) (define-ffi-module (cairo cairo-svg) #:use-ffi-module (cairo cairo)
Should setters for bs:struct enum fields check for symbolic
arg?
Use guardians for cairo_destroy and
cairo_surface_destroy?
What about vectors? If foo(foo_t x[],
enum-wrap 0 => 'CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS enum-unwrap 'CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS => 0
./configure --prefix=xxx make install
xxx
typedef struct foo foo_t;
typedef foo_t bar_t;
struct foo { int a; };
int baz(foo_t *x);
Right now, on the first declaration I assign foo_t the type
fh-void. The second declaration is handled as a type-alias.
When I get to the third declaration I define the
struct foo compound type, then re-define the foo_t as
a compound type, and it’s pointer type (missed this first time).
Copyright (C) 2017-2018 – Matthew R. Wette.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included with the distribution as COPYING.DOC.