Mission Statement
This project is not bound to any political, ethnic, social or religious groupings. The aim of this project is to provide free available multilingual Afghan calendars, that are accessible on all major platforms and provide access to all functionality via free tools. The calendars are released under the GNU General Public License.
News
- 2011/03/20 (1389/12/29):Sorry for the delay this year, calendars for 1390 (2011-12) are now available for download. Calendars for 1391 (2012-13) will follow in the next days.
- 2007/03/20 (1385/12/29): Added minor corrections, submitted by the Political Archive of the German Federal Foreign Office (version 85-2).
- 2007/03/17 (1385/12/26): First release (version 85-1) of the "Dari-English" and the "Dari-German" Afghan Calendar. Comments and corrections are welcome (afghanCalendar [at] gmx [dot] net).
- 2006/11/28 (1385/09/07): Start of the Afghan Calendar project
Download
The calendars are in the PDF format. For viewing and printing you need a viewer program like XPdf or Acrobat reader. These programs are in general already installed on most computers. If not you can download a PDF viewer free of charge (see links section). Currently over 100 different calendars are available. For a complete list you can view the document folder at Savannah (thanks to Savannah for hosting this project). At the moment only the "Dari-English" and the "Dari-German" versions are ready. The "Pashto-English" and the "Pashto-German" version will follow in near future.
Year 1390 (2011-12)
| Holidays | Languages (A3 sheet almanac) | Languages (A4 diary) |
|---|---|---|
 Australia Queensland (AU-QLD) |  Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia Tasmania (AU-TAS) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia South Australia (AU-SA) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia Western Australia (AU-WA) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia Australian Capital Territory (AU-ACT) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia New South Wales (AU-NSW) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia Northern Territory (AU-NT) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia Victoria (AU-VIC) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
 Austria (AT) | Dari-German, Pashto-English | --- |
 Canada British Columbia (CA-BC) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Manitoba (CA-MB) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada New Brunswick (CA-NB) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Newfoundland (CA-NF) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Nova Scotia (CA-NS) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Northwest Territories and Nunavut (CA-NT) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Ontario (CA-ON) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Prince Edward Island (CA-PE) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Québec (CA-QC) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Saskatchewan (CA-SK) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Yukon Territory (CA-YK) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
 Germany Baden-Württemberg (DE-BW) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Bavaria (DE-BY) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Berlin (DE-BE) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Brandenburg (DE-BB) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Bremen (DE-HB) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Hamburg (DE-HH) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Hessen (DE-HE) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (DE-MV) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Niedersachsen (DE-NI) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Nordrhein-Westfalen (DE-NW) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Rheinland-Pfalz (DE-RP) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Saarland (DE-SL) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Sachsen (DE-SN) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Sachsen-Anhalt (DE-ST) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Schleswig-Holstein (DE-SH) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Thüringen (DE-TH) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
 Great Britain (GB) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
 New Zealand (NZ) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
 Switzerland German (CH-DE) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Switzerland French (CH-FR) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Switzerland Italy (CH-IT) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Switzerland Rhaeto-Romance (CH-RM) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
 United States of America (US) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
Year 1389 (2010-11)
| Holidays | Languages (A3 sheet almanac) | Languages (A4 diary) |
|---|---|---|
| Australia Queensland (AU-QLD) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia Tasmania (AU-TAS) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia South Australia (AU-SA) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia Western Australia (AU-WA) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia Australian Capital Territory (AU-ACT) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia New South Wales (AU-NSW) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia Northern Territory (AU-NT) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia Victoria (AU-VIC) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Austria (AT) | Dari-German, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada British Columbia (CA-BC) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Manitoba (CA-MB) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada New Brunswick (CA-NB) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Newfoundland (CA-NF) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Nova Scotia (CA-NS) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Northwest Territories and Nunavut (CA-NT) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Ontario (CA-ON) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Prince Edward Island (CA-PE) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Québec (CA-QC) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Saskatchewan (CA-SK) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Yukon Territory (CA-YK) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Germany Baden-Württemberg (DE-BW) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Bavaria (DE-BY) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Berlin (DE-BE) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Brandenburg (DE-BB) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Bremen (DE-HB) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Hamburg (DE-HH) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Hessen (DE-HE) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (DE-MV) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Niedersachsen (DE-NI) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Nordrhein-Westfalen (DE-NW) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Rheinland-Pfalz (DE-RP) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Saarland (DE-SL) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Sachsen (DE-SN) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Sachsen-Anhalt (DE-ST) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Schleswig-Holstein (DE-SH) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Thüringen (DE-TH) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Great Britain (GB) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| New Zealand (NZ) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Switzerland German (CH-DE) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Switzerland French (CH-FR) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Switzerland Italy (CH-IT) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Switzerland Rhaeto-Romance (CH-RM) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| United States of America (US) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
Year 1388 (2009-10)
| Holidays | Languages (A3 sheet almanac) | Languages (A4 diary) |
|---|---|---|
| Australia Queensland (AU-QLD) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia Tasmania (AU-TAS) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia South Australia (AU-SA) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia Western Australia (AU-WA) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia Australian Capital Territory (AU-ACT) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia New South Wales (AU-NSW) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia Northern Territory (AU-NT) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Australia Victoria (AU-VIC) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Austria (AT) | Dari-German, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada British Columbia (CA-BC) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Manitoba (CA-MB) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada New Brunswick (CA-NB) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Newfoundland (CA-NF) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Nova Scotia (CA-NS) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Northwest Territories and Nunavut (CA-NT) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Ontario (CA-ON) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Prince Edward Island (CA-PE) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Québec (CA-QC) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Saskatchewan (CA-SK) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Canada Yukon Territory (CA-YK) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Germany Baden-Württemberg (DE-BW) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Bavaria (DE-BY) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Berlin (DE-BE) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Brandenburg (DE-BB) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Bremen (DE-HB) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Hamburg (DE-HH) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Hessen (DE-HE) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (DE-MV) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Niedersachsen (DE-NI) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Nordrhein-Westfalen (DE-NW) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Rheinland-Pfalz (DE-RP) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Saarland (DE-SL) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Sachsen (DE-SN) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Sachsen-Anhalt (DE-ST) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Schleswig-Holstein (DE-SH) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Germany Thüringen (DE-TH) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Great Britain (GB) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| New Zealand (NZ) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
| Switzerland German (CH-DE) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Switzerland French (CH-FR) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Switzerland Italy (CH-IT) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| Switzerland Rhaeto-Romance (CH-RM) | Dari-German, Pashto-German | --- |
| United States of America (US) | Dari-English, Pashto-English | --- |
Archive
The calendars from 1350 (1971-2) to the current year can be found in the archive. If older calendars are needed please send an e-mail to afghanCalendar [at] gmx [dot] net.
Online Shop
If you don't have a A3 color printer at home you can order a printed Afghan calendar from the online shop. Printed calendar (11"x17") for 5.99$ + shipping. In the online shop you can also find apparel with the project logo on the front and the calendar on the back.
The income (1$ for each item) from the online shop is used to improve and enhance the Afghan Calendar project. Comments are welcome (afghanCalendar [at] gmx [dot] net).
Why Calendar Necessary?
Date conversion is not that easy as one would think. You can find some important documents were the date conversion has an error of one day. In real life (e.g. project deadline or meetings) one day earlier or later makes a huge difference. Popular examples for date conversion errors are the English and German translation of the Afghan constitution from 2004. If you find further examples of date conversion erors please send me an e-mail afghanCalendar [at] gmx [dot] net.
English translation of constitution:
- URL: United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan or National Assembly of Afghanistan or other websites (version from 2007/01/01)
- Date conversion error: The dates were compared with the original Dari and Pashto version of the constitution. In the preamble the 14th Jadi 1328 (1382/10/14) corresponds to the 2004/01/04 and not to the 2004/01/03. In article eighteen the 28th Asad corresponds to the 19th August and not to the 18th August. The 8th Saur corresponds to the 28th of April and not to the 27th of April.
German translation of constitution:
- URL: Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law in Heidelberg or other websites (version from 2007/01/01 )
- Date conversion error: The 6th Dalw 1382 (1382/11/6) corresponds to 2004/01/26 and not to the 2004/01/25.
User worldmap
If you you want to be added to the calendar world map please send an e-mail to afghanCalendar [at] gmx [dot] net with the country name were you live together with a picture were the calendar hangs.
--- USER WORLDMAP WILL BE UPDATED ---
Calendar algorithm
Definition
The Afghan calendar is defined in article 18 of the Afghan constitution from 2004:
Article 18:
The source for the calendar shall be based upon the migration of the Prophet (praise and peace be upon him). The basis for state offices shall be the solar calendar (Hejrah-e shamsi). Fridays as well as the 28th of Asad (19th, in leap years 18th August) and the 8th Saur (28th, in leap years 27th April) shall be public holidays. Other holidays shall be regulated by the law.
Calendar types
In Afghanistan one has to distinguish between three calendars:
- Hejrah-e shamsi calendar (Solar Islamic):
Afghanistan's official calendar. - Gregorian calendar (Solar Christian):
Is mainly used in international relations. - Hejrah-e qamari calendar (Lunar Islamic):
Is used for religious holidays.
Hejrah-e shamsi calendar
The Hejrah-e shamsi calendar starts from the year of the emigration (hejrah) of the Islamic Prophet Mohammad from Mecca to Medina in 622A.D.. It has 12 months, consisting of 29 to 31 days. The begin of the Hejrah-e shamsi Year (1. Hammal) corresponds to the 21. March (20. March in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. The year has 365 days and in leap years 366 days. The leap years in the Hejrah-e shamsi calendar can be computed by a arithmetic formula. A year S in the Hejrah-e shamsi calendar is a leap year if and only if the Gregorian year G=S+621 is a leap year. In a Hejrah-e shamsi year S two Gregorian year G1 and G2 partly occur, with G1<G2. The Gregorian year G is chosen as G1. For example in the Hejrah-e shamsi year S=1379 the Gregorian year G1=2000 and G2=2001 partly occur. G is chosen as G:=G1=2000. The year 1379 of the Hejrah-e shamsi calendar was a leap year, since the year 2000 in the Gregorian calendar was a leap year.
| Month Nr. | Dari (Hejrah-e shamsi) | Pashtu (Hejrah-e shamsi) | English (Gregorien) | Days |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hammal | Wray | March-April | 31 |
| 2 | Saur | Ghwayai | April-May | 31 |
| 3 | Jauza | Gargholai | May-June | 31 |
| 4 | Saratan | Chungash | June-July | 31 |
| 5 | Asad | Zmarai | July-August | 31 |
| 6 | Sonbola | Wazhay | August-September | 31 |
| 7 | Mizan | Talah | September-October | 30 |
| 8 | Aqrab | Larum | October-November | 30 |
| 9 | Qaus | Lindah | November-December | 30 |
| 10 | Jadi | Merghumai | December-January | 30 |
| 11 | Dalw | Salwagah | January-February | 30 |
| 12 | Hut | Kab | February-March | 29 (30 in leap years) |
Hejrah-e qamari calendar
The months in the Hejrah-e qamari calendar are alternatively 30 and 29 days long. In leap years the 12th month has 31 days. The Lunar year is eleven days shorter than the solar calendar. The Hejrah-e qamari calendar months "Ramadan" and "Shawwal" define the Muslim fasting. The starting day of these two months are observed by authorities. A difference of one day can occur between the observed and the pre-computed calendar. All 30 years a leap year occurs to synchronize the calendar with the moon phases.
| Month Nr. | Arabic (Hejrah-e qamari) | Arabic shortcut (Hejrah-e qamari) | amount days |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Muharram | Muharram | 30 |
| 2 | Safar | Safar | 29 |
| 3 | Rabi' al-Awal | Rabi'1 | 30 |
| 4 | Rabi' al-Thaani | Rabi'2 | 29 |
| 5 | Jumada al-Awal | Jumada1 | 30 |
| 6 | Jumada al-Thaani | Jumada2 | 29 |
| 7 | Rajab | Rajab | 30 |
| 8 | Sha'ban | Sha'ban | 29 |
| 9 | Ramadan | Ramadan | 30 |
| 10 | Shawwal | Shawwal | 29 |
| 11 | Zul al-Qi'dah | Z.Qi'dah | 30 |
| 12 | Zul al-Hijjah | Z.Hijjah | 29 (31 in leap years) |
Conversion from/ to Gregorian calendar
The Gregorian year 1990 (2000) corresponds to the Hejrah-e shamsi year 1369 (1378) and the Hejrah-e qamari year 1410 (1420). To convert a date from the Gregorian to the Hejrah-e shamsi or Hejrah-e qamari calendar one can use the following reference dates:
- The 1st Hammal of the year 1 in the Hejrah-e shamsi calendar corresponds to the 1st Muharram of the year 1 in the Hejrah-e qamari calendar and to the 21st March 622 in the Gregorian calendar
- 1th January 2000 in the Gregorian calendar corresponds to the 11th Jadi 1378 in the Hejrah-e shamsi calendar and to 24th Ramadan of the year 1420 in the Hejrah-e qamari calendar.
Afghan holidays
Public holidays:
These holidays are defined in article 18 of the Afghan constitution from 2004. The holidays occur on a fixed dates and are celebrated in all Afghanistan.
- Juma (Friday):
The week ends on Friday (Juma) which is the day of rest. - Jeshen (Independence day): 28th Asad = 19th August (18th August in leap years)
The 28th of Asad (19th of August, in leap years 18th August) is the national holiday. Remembering that Afghanistan got its independence in 1919 after the end of the 3th Anglo-Afghan war. - Victory Day: 8th Saur = 28th April (27th April in leap years)
The 8th Saur (28th April, in leap years 27th March) remembers the fall of the pro-soviet regime in 1992.
Religious holidays:
Besides the holidays above the following holidays are also celebrated partly.
* The islamic holidays depend on the Hejrah-e qamari calendar. The dates are observed by autorities rather than pre-computed. The exact dates may vary according to the sighting of the moon.
- Ashura: 10th Muharram*
Ashura is an Arabic word meaning "ten". It is celebrated on the 10th day of the Hejrah-e qamari month Muharram. It is the day that the Islamic prophet Muhammad's grandson, Husayn, was killed at the battle of Kerbala. - Mawleed al-Nabi (Prophet's birthday): 12th Rabi al-Awal*
It is celebrated on the 12th day of the Hejrah-e qamari month Rabi' al-Awal. On this day the birthday of the Islamic prophet Muhammad is celebrated. - Awal Ramadan (First of Ramadan): 1st Ramadan*
This holiday is celebrated at the 1st of the Hejrah-e qamari month Ramadan. It marks the beginning of the fasting month Ramadan. - Laylat al-Qaddr (Night of Measure): ≈ 27th Ramadan*
Muslims believe that it was on this night that God has first send down the first verses of the Quran via the angel Gabriel to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It is also the anniversary of the night in which the Quran was first communicated in its entirety to Muhammad. The Quran (sura Al'Qadr) regards this night better than one thousand months.
There is a uncertainty about the exact date. It is believed that the night is in the last third of the Hejrah-e qamari month Ramadan. The most likely date is the night of the 27th (e.g. night from 26th to 27th) of Ramadan. - Eid al-Fitr (End of Ramazan): 1st Shawwal*
Eid is the arabic word for feast. The holiday is celebrated at the end of Ramadan, at the 1st of the Hejrah-e qamari month Shawwal. Celebrations extend up to three days. - Arafat: 9th Zul al-Hijjah*
On the mountain of Arafat also known as Jabal ar-Rahmah (Mountain of Mercy) the Islamic prophet Muhammad delivered his farewell sermon at the end of his life. Arafat is celebrated one day before Eid al-Adha (Festival of sacrifice) on the 9th of the Hejrah-e qamari month Zul al-Hijjah. - Eid al-Adha or Eid al-Qurban (Festival of Sacrifice): 10th Zul al-Hijjah*
This festival commemorates the prophet Abraham's devotion to God. Celebrations extend up to three days.
Other holidays:
- Nauruz (New Year): 1st Hammal = 21st March (20th March in leap years)
The Hejrah-e shamsi year starts on 1st Hammal (21st March, in leap years 20th March), which is the New year's day (Nauruz). Nauruz is celebrated all over in Afghanistan. This holiday occurs on a fixed date.
Historical Events
The main aim was to keep the calendar historical correct and uninfluenced of any political, ethnic or social point of view. The relevant historical events in the calendar were verified against at least two of the following references:
- Encyclopaedia Britanica
- Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
- BBC News - Timeline: Afghanistan
- Foreign office Germany: Afghan history (German)
- Southasia-Institute University Heidelberg (July 2006): Afghanistan Zeittafel (German)
- US Library of Congress (May 2006): Country Profile Afghanistan
- Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan, Ludwig W. Adamec, second and third edition
- Several articles on Wikipedia (german and english)
If you still find errors or think they formulations are not neutral please send me a mail to afghanCalendar [at] gmx [dot] net. If possible include also a reference.
ToDo
- Create Pashto version of calendar
- Create other calendar formats (e.g Dairy)
- Enlarge calendar archive to year 1 ;-)
- Create calendars which contain musical events or afghan recipes
- Translate calendar to other languages (like French and Italy)
Improvements
I am always ready to accept constructive criticism, or review requests. If you have any questions, comments, criticisms, I would greatly appreciate your contacting me via e-mail at afghanCalendar [at] gmx [dot] net .
I believe in the idea of open projects. The calendar can be printed and used free of charge (see license section).
This project is mantained by me in my free time. If you like it you can support it with some small donation via PayPal.
License and Disclaimer
Copyright (C) 2006 Alekozai.
The calendars are free software; you can redistribute them and/ or modify
them under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This website and the calendars are distributed in the hope that they will be
useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
A copy of the GNU General Public License can be downloaded from the GNU website.
FAQ
Comments and corrections are welcome (afghanCalendar [at] gmx [dot] net).
- Which calendars are used in Afghanistan?
In Afghanistan the Hejrah-e shamsi, the Gregorian and the Hejrah-e qamari calendar are used in parallel. For further details view the section "Calendar Algorithm". - What are the languages Dari and Pashto?
Dari and Pashto are the official languages spoken in Afghanistan (see article 16 of the Afghan constitution from 2004). Both languages are used in public life in Afghanistan. - In which direction does one read the calendar?
Dari and Pashto (official languages spoken in Afghanistan) are written from right to left. This is also the order of the months in the calendar. The first month is printed on the top right corner. The third month on the top left corner. The last month is printed on the bottom left corner. - How to read Dari or Pashto Numbers?
Dari and Pashto are written from right to left (latin languages from left to right). But the numbers in Dari and Pashto are written from left to right! E.g. "15" is written as "one five" and not as "five one". In general there is no difference to English :-) .Latin Dari/ Pashto 0 ۰ 1 ۱ 2 ۲ 3 ۳ 4 ۴ 5 ۵ 6 ۶ 7 ۷ 8 ۸ 9 ۹ 10 ۱۰ 15 ۱۵ 100 ۱۰۰ 1000 ۱۰۰۰ 1378 ۱۳۷۸ - What are the names of the Dari and Pashto weekdays?
The week starts on Saturday (Shahnbeh) and ends on Friday (Jhumah) which is the day of rest.English Dari/ Pashto Pronunciation Meaning Saturday شنبه Shahnbeh Shahnbeh Sunday ۱ شنبه Yahk Shahnbeh One Shahnbeh Monday ۲ شنبه Dhu Shahnbeh Two Shahnbeh Tuesday ۳ شنبه She Shahnbeh Three Shahnbeh Wednesday ۴ شنبه Char Shahnbeh Four Shahnbeh Thursday ۵ شنبه Painge Shahnbeh Five Shahnbeh Friday جمعه Jhumah Jhumah - How are holidays marked?
For each day you find on the right side the Hejrah-e shamsi day (black), on the top left the Hejrah-e qamari day (green) and on the bottom right the Gregorian day (black). Holidays are marked in red. - Which project URL should I bookmark?
The project is in an early stage. The homepage and the folder structure could change. Please bookmark the URL http://www.nongnu.org/afghancalendar . From here you will be redirected to the current website. - What is the name of the project?
The official project name is: Afghan Calendar project . - How to print a A3 document?
There are several options:- Most printer drivers have a setting to print a A3 document onto two A4 pages. For Windows please look in the documentation of your printer driver. In Linux or Unix systems you can use the program "poster" (not yet tested).
- If your pinter has no such settings you can use the free program PosteRazor (Linux, Mac and Windows binaries are available). To convert the PDF document to an image (png) the script "convert" from the free ImageMagick software suite (Linux, Mac and Windows binaries are available) can be used.
$ ### COMANDS FOR LINUX/ MAC/ UNIX $ ### CONVERT PDF TO PNG IMAGE $ convert -density 300x300 afghanCalendar.pdf afghanCalendar.png $ ls *.png afghanCalendar-0.png afghanCalendar-1.png $ ### SPLIT IMAGE ON MULTIPLE PAGES $ PosteRazor afghanCalendar-0.png - You can also look for a copy shop near you. In general they have colour A3 printers.
- The calendar is also available in the project online shop.
Acknowledgement
This project wouldn't be possible without the great work of several other projects and their contributors. First and foremost, thank to the users of this project for their feedback.
I'm grateful indebted to Savannah for hosting this project. Thanks to the Unicode and the W3C XML group for their work in defining some very important standards. Thanks also to the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) for their work in defining the Open Document Format and to Adobe Systems for the specification of the Portable Document Format (PDF). I gratefully acknowledge the Perl, CPAN, Java and the SWIG project for their work in creating a powerful programming environment, the SQLite project for their small, self-contained, embeddable, zero-configuration SQL database engine, Subversion and CVS for their version control system, the GIMP and ImageMagick project for their image manipulation and paint programms and last but not least the Arabeyes project (Arabic Unix project).
I am also greatful to the OpenOffice.org project for creating a powerful mulitplatform and multilingual office suite and XPdf and Adobe for their PDF file viewer. I am deeply indepted to the DejaVu and the Khotot project for their open source unicode fonts.
Finally I also thank several other projects and users which I forgot to mention.
Links
Publications citing Afghan Calendar project
- Page 9 "Afghanistan Research Newsletter", Number 13, April 2007 (English) - Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU)
- Page 9 "Afghanistan Research Newsletter", Number 13, April 2007 (Pashto) - Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU)
- Page 9 "Afghanistan Research Newsletter", Number 13, April 2007 (Dari) - Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU)
Other calendars
- English Dari Afghan calendar 1384 - Afghanistan Information Management Service (PDF, 960kb)
- English Dari Afghan calendar 1385 - Afghanistan Information Management Service (PDF, 1200kb)
- English Dari Afghan calendar 1386 - Afghanistan Information Management Service (PDF, 702kb)
- English Dari Afghan calendar 1387 - Afghanistan Information Management Service (PDF, 868kb)
- English Dari Afghan poster calendar 1387 - Afghanistan Information Management Service (PDF, 584kb)
- Solar hejrah Calendar converter
- Calendar Studies
- Calendar Magic (freeware Windows 95, 98, Me, XP, Vista)
Afghan constitution
- Afghan constitution (English, Dari, Pashto) - National Assembly of Afghanistan
- Afghan constitution (German) - Afghanistan Project of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law in Heidelberg
- Afghan constitution (English, Dari, Pashto) - Afghanistan Legal Documents Exchange Center
- Official Gazette of Afghanistan (English) - Ministry of Justice
PDF viewer
- XPdf free PDF viewer (Unix/ Linux 4 MB)
- XPdf free PDF viewer (Windows 1.4 MB)
- Adobe Acrobat Reader (9 MB)
Fonts
- DejaVu, unicode font (GNU General Public License)
- Khotot, free Arabic fonts (GNU General Public License)
- FarsiWeb, free TrueType Farsi fonts (GNU General Public License)
- PakType, free OpenType Urdu/ Pashto fonts (GNU General Public License)
Misc
- Savannah Project
- SQLite (C SQL database engine)
- ITL Libraries (conversion from Gregorien to Hejrah-e qamari calendar)
- Arabeyes, The Arabic Unix Project (english)
- HowTo: Afghan (dari, pashto,southern uzbek) keymaps for Linux/ Unix
- Computer Locale Requirements for Afghanistan - United Nations Development Programme (english)
